The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) was piloted by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1972 to provide nutrition for at-risk, low-income pregnant and postpartum women, infants, and children up to the age of five. Many successful interventions involve an online or virtual engagement component which can provide educational resources on WIC benefits, nutrition, and living a healthy lifestyle. Overall, the literature surrounding WIC enrollment interventions reveal a mixed impact on improving participation. Successful interventions showed percentage gains in enrollment close to 8% and changes in participation over 9%. Virtual interventions demonstrated the most success based on preliminary evidence.
All the observed interventions had some success increasing WIC participation. Seven of these were published papers, while the others were final reports of USDA WIC Special Grant Projects.
We included 14 studies reporting on 12 interventions from 3945 citations reviewed. Subsequently, three reviewers independently extracted study details and outcomes related to WIC enrollment and participation rate changes. Two reviewers independently identified and screened articles. We conducted a scoping review to identify articles based on pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Several states have tried various interventions to combat this deficiency of engagement with the goal of increasing WIC enrollment and participation.
Despite the availability of this program nationwide, enrollment and participation rates remain low across the country. WIC offers nutrition education, formula, fruits and vegetables, and other food to pregnant and postpartum women and their children until they reach the age of five. The WIC program provides many health benefits for pregnant women, mothers, and children. Our goal was to identify strategies aimed at increasing Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) enrollment and participation rates.
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